ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืื“ื•ื, ื”ืžืจืื” ืžื•ืงืคื“ โ€” ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ? ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: AFP

๐Ÿ’„ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™: ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื

ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจืื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืคืฆืขื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื

ย 

ย 

๐Ÿ“ธ ืดืชื™ืจืื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืชื”ื™ื• ืจื–ื™ื. ืชื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื• ืงืžื˜ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ืงื•. ืชืกืชื™ืจื•.ืดย ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€” ืžืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื โ€” ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™: ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื–ื”, ืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืง, ืชื•ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”? ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื–ื™ืง ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ืขืจื›ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื—ืžืงืžืง. ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืดืฉืœืžื•ืชืด ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™.

ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ โ€” ื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืฆื™ืœื•ื: AFP

๐Ÿ’ฐ ืžื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื?

ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื โ€“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื›ื. ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžื ืฃ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืจื•ื•ื—. ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ, ื”ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืื™ื™ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื โ€” ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืคื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื.

ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื—ืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืจื–ื™ืช! ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”!" โ€” ืฉื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืงื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื”.


โš ๏ธ ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื”

ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™ ื™ืจื•ื“ โ€” ื›ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื”ืชืขืžืœื• ื‘ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ื™ืกื• "ืœื”ื™ืขืœื". ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืžื• "ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื" ื”ืคืš ืœืงื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœ"ื™ืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ", ื’ื ืื ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื‘ืœ.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืขื ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.ย 

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื”, ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื ื” ืคื•ืจื™ืกืงื•ื‘ื” (60)ย 


โŒ› ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื ื’ื ื‘

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช, ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื™ื, ืกืงื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืจื’ืฉื™ โ€“ ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ.

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืื• ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืชื•ื’ืžืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื›ื‘ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžืจืขื ืŸ ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช-ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ ื–ื ืงื•ย , ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ื—"ืฆ

๐Ÿ›‘ ื›ืš ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™

๐Ÿ”น ืชื ื• ืฉื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช โ€“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืฉืžื: ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ืืœื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช โ€” ืืœื” ืžื’ืžื•ืช.

๐Ÿ”น ืืชื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ืขืฆืจื•. ืฉืืœื•: ืžืžื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื›ื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™?

๐Ÿ”น ื’ื•ื•ื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœื›ื โ€“ ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช: ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช, ืžืœืื•ืช, ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื›ื”ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืชื•ืงื ื ื•ืช.

๐Ÿ”น ืขื‘ืจื• ืžึพfixation ("ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช") ืœึพrespect ("ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ืฃ") โ€“ ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•? ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืœื ื•ื—? ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช?

๐Ÿ”น ื—ืคืฉื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืจืœ. ืคื ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืื• ืœืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.


๐Ÿงก ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื

ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืงืžื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืžื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื โ€” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืคื™ื โ€” ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.

ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืœื™ ai ื•ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: Grabe et al. (2008), Kinsey (2022), Arcelus et al. (2011), Tylka (2019).

ื˜ืขื™ื ื•? ื ืชืงืŸ! ืื ืžืฆืืชื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื”, ื ืฉืžื— ืฉืชืฉืชืคื• ืื•ืชื ื•
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